怎么判斷英語句子中的主語
主語是英語句子中一個主要語法成分,常出現在句首(但出現在句首的并非總是主語).這一講我們將學習英語句子主語的形式選擇、意義選擇和主謂一致三個方面. 一、主語的形式選擇 主語表示句子描述的是“誰”或“什么”,是謂語的陳述對象,由名詞性的成分來充當,說明人物、地方、行為、事件、事實等.英語中除了名詞和代詞(47頁例1-3)之外,名詞性的成分還包括: (一)“定冠詞the+形容詞”,可起名詞作用,表示某一類的人或事物. The blind often have sharp hearing. The wise are those who know themselves. The Chinese love peace. The good in him outweighs the bad. (二)動詞的非謂語形式(不定式或動名詞)可起名詞作用. 在英語中,當動詞不是用作句子謂語,而是用于充當其他語法功能的時候,動詞就會以非謂語形式出現,主要有三種:不定式(Infinitive)、分詞(Participles)和動名詞(Gerund).其中,可以充當主語的非謂語形式是不定式和動名詞. 1、不定式作主語 (1)當不定式作主語時,如果較短,可直接出現在常規的主語位置,如:To leave or stay is a question hard to answer. To say something is one thing, to do it is another. (2)但是如果不定式充當的主語較長而謂語較短時,常用“it”作形式主語,而把真正的不定式主語放在謂語的后面.It'll be a crime to stay anywhere else. It's always a good ides to get a second opinion. It would be wrong not to take this problem into consideration. (3)有時,不定式的前面可以有一個連接詞、連接代詞或連接副詞(包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how).不定式的這種結構在句中主要起賓語作用,如: He will tell us how to use the library. 他將告訴我們如何使用圖書館. 但也可以作主語,如 What to buy for dinner is not decided yet. Where/Where/How/Who to prepare the dinner is not decided yet. 2、動名詞作主語 (1)動名詞與現在分詞同形,但主要起名詞作用,在句中可充當主語,如課本47頁例5: Learning English grammar is by no means easy. Seeing is believing. Reading French is easier than speaking it. (2)在一些習慣表達中,常用形式主語“it”,而將作主語的動名詞短語放在后面,多見于某些形容詞或名詞之后,其他情況一般不用it作形式主語代替作主語的動名詞.如: It is no use telling him not to * is no good talking about that. It is worthwhile trying again. It is a water of time trying again. (3)當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,常可以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格,構成動名詞的復合結構(這時,名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語).動名詞的復合結構也可以在句中作主語.例如: Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. *動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語.在意義上相近.但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作,不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作.比較: Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much (三)主語從句 1、句子也可以起名詞作用,在句子中充當主語,形成主語從句.判斷主語從句時,可先找到句子的謂語,謂語前面的從句就叫做主語從句.如 Who murdered Joan/Why Jack murdered Joan/When Jack murdered Joan remains unknown. Why he left wasn't important. That she became an artist may have been due to her father's influence. 2、借助形式主語it,主語從句放在后面. (1)由that引導的主語從句可以放在主語的位置,這時that不可以省略.例如:That prices will go up is certain. that主語從句放在句首的情況不是很常見,絕大部分主語從句都借助形式主語it,主語從句放在后面.如: It is strange that he knows nothing about it. It is a pity that he can't swim. It happened that he wasn't in that day. It is said that there has been an earthquake in India. 在口語中,用it做形式主語時,主語從句的that可以省略. (2)wh-疑問詞引導的主語從句,可以放在句首(第一組),也可以借助形式主語it(第二組). 第一組:When he'll be back depends much on the weather. How it was done was a mystery. Whether we'll succeed remains to be seen. 第二組:It is uncertain whether the game will be held. It's a puzzle how life began. It doesn't matter much where we live. Is it known where he went? 注意:疑問詞后面的語序應為正常的陳述語序. 二、主語的意義選擇 除了形式上的多樣性之外,英語句子的語義類型也是多種多樣的,包括動作的執行者、動作的承受者、動作得以完成的工具、事件的原因、地點、談論的話題等等.Jack murdered Joan with a gun. Joan was murdered by Jack with a gun. A gun killed Joan. Cancer deprives many people of their lives. The hall can seat 50 people for a conference. Learning Chinese Kongfu is by no means easy. 在實際的語言使用中,我們可以根據自己的意圖來選擇主語的意義類型.一般來說,主語通常總是某種已知給定的信息,是后面謂語部分的評述對象.The bees swarmed in the garden. The garden swarmed with bees.。
在英語句子中,哪些詞可以做主語
主語表明這句話說的是誰和什么,主語主要由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的單詞,短語或從句充當。
一. 名詞作主語
David arrived last night. 大衛昨晚到達。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕必敗。
二. 代詞作主語
Who is speaking, please? (在電話中)請問您是誰?
That's OK. 這沒問題。
三. 數詞作主語
Two will be enough. 兩個就夠了。
Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。
四. ing形式作主語
Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的運動。
Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.
從字典里查所有的生詞花費了他許多時間。
五. 不定式作主語
To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.
把理想轉變成現實需要辛勤的勞動。
六. 名詞化的形容詞作主語
The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.
在我們國家,盲人和肢殘人受到很好的照顧。
The unemployed usually lead a hard life.
失業的人生活一般很困難。
七. 短語作主語
How to do well is an important question.
如何把這件事做好是一個重要問題。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
早睡早起身體好。
八. 從句作主語
What has happened proves that our policy is right.
發生的一切證明我們的政策是對的。
Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
我們是否去要看天氣。