1.語文什么是獨詞句
獨詞句是指單獨一個詞或者以名詞為中心詞的偏正詞組表達一個完整的意思,成為一個句子,這叫獨詞句。
例如:
1 同學們一起郊游的時候,一個同學突然喊“蛇”!大家都能領會其意思。雖然是一個詞,卻起到交流思想的作用,雖然是一個詞,它成為一個句子。
2 “你的書。”這是一個偏正詞組,它的中心詞就是一個“書”,所以它也是一個獨詞句。
另如:
下課!
放學!
回!
行!
停!等都能單獨表達一個完整的意思,成為一個句子,這些都叫獨詞句。
2.什么叫獨詞句
淺談兒童語言習得中的獨詞句和二詞句
On the One-word Sentence and the Two-word Sentencein Children's Language Acquisition
李進
摘 要:獨詞句、二詞句是兒童語言習得中最重要的兩個階段,分析獨詞句和二詞句中的構詞結構對于正確理解兒童的思維表達是極其重要的.
關鍵詞:兒童語言習得; 獨詞句; 二詞句
分類號:H319.31 文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1008-9322(2003)06-0049-03
作者簡介:李進(1967-),男,云南永善人,講師,學士,主要從事英語語言學研究.
作者單位:李進(昭通師范高等專科學校,外語系,云南,昭通,657000)
參考文獻:
〔1〕Peccei J S. Child Language[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
〔2〕Brown R. A First Language[M]. Harmondsworth: Penguin,1976.
〔3〕Brown R.A First Language: The Early Stages[M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1973.
〔4〕Yu Shanzhi,Zhang Xinhong. Markedness and UG in Chinese Children's Acquisition of One word and Negative Sentences[J]. Modern Foreign Languages, 1999,(4): 379-396.
3.什么是復合句、獨詞句
從句子結構上來說,句子有三種:簡單句、并列句和復合句.簡單句有一個主語或多個主語和一個謂語;一個主語和多個謂語.并列句是由并列連詞連接的兩個或多個簡單句.復合句指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結構的句子,其中有一個(或更多)主謂結構充當句子的某一(些)成分,如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等.主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬于復合句.一、狀語從句:狀語從句 Adverbial Clause,從句用作狀語稱為狀語從句.根據用途,狀語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、方式、讓步、結果、目的等狀語從句. I. 時間狀語從句時間狀語從句表示時間,常用的關聯詞有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as long as, whenever等等. 例: 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.3) Wait until you are called.4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.5) He didn't go to school until he was * can use my house as long as you are * is so terrible once he is drunk.I listen to the radio while I walk every *. 地點狀語從句地點狀語從句表示地點,常用的關聯詞有where, wherever, anywhere等. 例如:1) Put it where you found it.2) Sit down wherever you like.3) Anywhere she goes, he goes *. 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句表示原因或理由,常用的關聯詞有because, as, since, in case等. 1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.I'll take my raincoat in case it rains. (in case it rains = because it may rain)我將帶上雨衣,以防下雨.IV. 條件狀語從句條件狀語從句表示真實的或現實的條件,引導從句所用的關聯詞有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as等等. 1) If it snows tomorrow, we will build a *'ll be late, unless you hurry.3) Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose從句必須放在主句之前) 我們如果遲到了,他會說什么?4) In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.5) In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了.6) He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什么都愿意做.V. 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句表示動作的方式,回答How的問題,常用關聯詞as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引導,一般置于主語之后. Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我說的去做.我就是照你說的去做的.He acts as if/as though he is the owner. 他行為舉止好象是這兒的主人似的.They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他們以我從沒見過的方式行事.I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我從未被允許用自己想用的方式唱歌.VI. 讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句表示“雖然、盡管、即使”等概念,使句子具有對比的因素.常用的關聯詞有although, though, even if, even though, not that(=although…not)等,置于主語之前或后. 1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.2) Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French.3) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.4) Even though fruits are good, you can't live with fruits only.5) I'm OK now, not that I slept (although I did not sleep) very well last *. 結果狀語從句結果狀語從句表示結果, 常由連詞so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引導,置于主語之后. She was so frightened about the dog that she * news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole * is such a wonderful joker that you can't help * are such wonderful players that no one can beat * arrived early, so that we got good * weather was such that I couldn't go *. 目的狀語從句目的狀語從句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的問題,常用關聯詞so that, in order that等引導,一般置于主語之后.目的狀語從句中的謂語動詞常由“情態動詞+動詞原形”構成. Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship * wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand * carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember * risk their lives so that/in order that they may support their kids.二、定語從句定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出. 關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等. 關系副詞有:when, where, why等 1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分.關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動。
4.什么是英語獨詞句
一、英語獨詞句的類別劃分 英語獨詞句是一種特殊的語言現象,即在一定的語言環境中形式上由一個詞構成,而句法功能相當于一個句子的語言單位,能獨立地傳遞一種相對完整的信息,表達一個獨立的思想。
英語獨詞句有不同的類別劃分。一般說來,可從功能、運用、詞類這三方面對其進行一個基本分類。
從功能上講,英語獨詞句可分為應答型、疑問型、強調型和語句填充型四種類型。如: 1. A: She looked at him more closely. "Are you Quentin Hughes?" B::..Yup.(應答型) 2. A: John has been back from New York. B: when?(疑問型) 3. A: Could she pass the entrance examination? B: Definitely (Absolutely).(強調型) 4. A: You've made too many mistakes in your exercises. B: Eh.(語句填充型) 聯系到實際運用,我們把英語獨詞句細分為標時間、方式、程度、祈使、感嘆、邏輯關系等類型。
例如: 5. A: When did you get back? B: Yesterday. (時間) 6. A: Where have you been? B: Library.(地點) 7. A: How did you come here? B: Riding(方式) 8. A: what did you think of the &1m tonight? B: Fantastic!(程度) 9. Stop!(otherwise I'll fire)(祈使) 。展開一、英語獨詞句的類別劃分 英語獨詞句是一種特殊的語言現象,即在一定的語言環境中形式上由一個詞構成,而句法功能相當于一個句子的語言單位,能獨立地傳遞一種相對完整的信息,表達一個獨立的思想。
英語獨詞句有不同的類別劃分。一般說來,可從功能、運用、詞類這三方面對其進行一個基本分類。
從功能上講,英語獨詞句可分為應答型、疑問型、強調型和語句填充型四種類型。如: 1. A: She looked at him more closely. "Are you Quentin Hughes?" B::..Yup.(應答型) 2. A: John has been back from New York. B: when?(疑問型) 3. A: Could she pass the entrance examination? B: Definitely (Absolutely).(強調型) 4. A: You've made too many mistakes in your exercises. B: Eh.(語句填充型) 聯系到實際運用,我們把英語獨詞句細分為標時間、方式、程度、祈使、感嘆、邏輯關系等類型。
例如: 5. A: When did you get back? B: Yesterday. (時間) 6. A: Where have you been? B: Library.(地點) 7. A: How did you come here? B: Riding(方式) 8. A: what did you think of the &1m tonight? B: Fantastic!(程度) 9. Stop!(otherwise I'll fire)(祈使) 10. Beautiful!(Excellent, Marvelous etc.)(感嘆) 11. What did he want? "Dinner." "And…”(邏輯關系) "And this time he's invited me to his apartment at Watergate." 就詞類而言,幾乎任何一種詞類都可以以獨詞句的形式出現在語言交流之中,例如: 12. She briskly led him to the study, where Cale Caldwell, Jr. was waiting. "Coffee?"(名詞) "I'd love some." 13. Suddenly Jim heard a sound from the river in front. "Help! Help…!”(動詞) 14. (It's time for class) Quick!(形容詞) 以上這些具休類別劃分是相對的,分類的標準,因看問題的角度和出發點不同而表現出差異性。在實際運用過程中,大多數英語獨詞句在歸類上具有很大程度的交又性。
只有在現實的語境中通過交流才能悉心領悟。 二、英語獨詞句的成因 英語獨詞句的形成原因是多種多樣的。
語言的形成有其科學的、邏輯的一面,更有其習慣、非邏輯的一面。比如:A: "Flow are you?" B: "Fine!"。
這里B的答語為什么不用"I'm fine!”?我們覺得一個主要原因是習慣使然。在對英語同化現象(assimilation)進行探索的時候,語言學家發明了“省事理論”,俗稱“懶人子理論”(the last of theory)。
通過比較(一個完整的英語句子和一個相關的獨詞句),我們發現這一理論同樣可對英語獨詞句的成因作出令人信服的解釋。 以上兩種說法歸根到底都是英語交流的經濟性原則之具體體現,據此我們把英語獨詞句的成因歸為省略飛替代、邏輯關系、套語、時效性等諸因素。
(一)省略 英語獨詞句絕大部分都是因為語句成分被省略所致,如上文例5中提到的'`yesterday"。根據邏輯語義關系,完整的答語應為:"I got back yesterday"。
顯然,實際答語省略了"1 got back",但并未因此造成所要表達的語義失真。 (二)替代 替代與省略相似,但省略的結果是己知信息的部分直接保留,而替代后的英語獨詞句則是對已知信息部分的間接保留。
形成英語獨詞句的替代主要是名詞性替代(如用代詞替代名詞)和分句型替代(一個詞代替的是一個句子),例如: 15. A: "John and Mary have been married, you know?" B: "They?,'(代詞替代名詞) 16. "Thank you for being here when 1 need you, I have to ask one thing, Lydia, about Jimmye." "Yes?" (=What do you want to ask me?)(分句型替代) (三)套語(idiomatic expressions ) 套語是人們長期以來習慣形成的語言表達方式,有其特殊的句法規則,其語義不是單個語義成分的簡單相加。作為套語的英語獨詞句同樣遵循這一規律,對這種獨詞句.我們很難根據邏輯語義關系從句法形式上給以補充完整,如: bye, hello, thanks, morning, evening, 。