1.漢語文學中,什么叫指示代詞
看看這個 不過是文言的復指代詞和指示代詞都是代詞,都有所指.兩者并不在同一范疇里,也就是說兩者是從不同角度來看的代詞.復指代詞在句子里是重復指代前面的人、事、物或情況等,有強調、突出的作用.如:又何馬之能知也?之,復指前置賓語“何馬”.《列子.九方皋相馬》;視吾家所寡有者.者,復指“所寡有”《戰國策.馮諼客孟嘗君》.“者”加在所字結構之后,都是起復指名詞性成分的作用,使這個名詞性成分得到強調.現代漢語的指示代詞只有近指的“這”和遠指的“那”.古漢語的指示代詞就復雜一些.1.有特指的“其”,只作定語,表示特定的或適當的人、物.如:子曰:“不在其位,不謀其政.2.泛指的有“之”、“茲”.如:之二蟲又何知?(這兩個蟲子又懂什么呢?) 3.近指的有“此(指代性最強)”、“是”、“斯”,相當于“這”.如:此天子氣也.4.遠指的有“彼(指代性強)”、“夫”,相當于“那”.如:彼一時也,此一時也.5.謂詞性指示代詞“爾”、“若”、“然”,相當于“如此;像這(那)樣”.如:河東兇亦然.6.特殊的指示代詞“焉(兼詞,“于是、于此”的意思)”如:制,嚴邑也,虢叔死焉.(制是險要的城邑,虢步死在那里.)、“諸(代詞“之”同介詞“于”或語氣詞“乎”的合音形式,相當于“之于;之乎”)”如:公伐諸鄢.(鄭莊公討伐他在鄢城.)。
2.英語中,指示代詞such能做賓語成分嗎
指示代詞(demonstrative pronoun) 是用來指示或標識人或事物的代詞.指示代詞與定冠詞和人稱代詞一樣,都具有指定的含義.1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:單數 復數 限定詞:This girl is * men are my teachers.代詞:This is * are my teachers.2) 指示代詞的句法功能;a.作主語 This is the way to do it.這事兒就該這樣做.b.作賓語 I like this better than that.我喜歡這個甚至那個.c.作主語補語 My point is this.我的觀點就是如此.d.作介詞賓語 I don't say no to that.我并未拒絕那個.There is no fear of that.那并不可怕.3) 用法 它們所指的對象取決于說話者和聽話者共同熟悉的語境.如:(1)I liked this movie today better than that concert last night.我喜歡今天的這個電影,勝過昨晚的那個音樂會.指示代詞具有名詞和形容詞性質,既可指人也可指物.但是在相當于名詞時一般指物多于指人.如:(2)I found this wallet.I found this.我找到了這只皮夾子.我找到了這個.(this 等于 this wallet)(3)Is she going to marry that man?她打算跟那人結婚嗎?(that man不得用that代替,否則有輕蔑之意) 相當于名詞的指示代詞在句中作主語時,則指物指人均可.如:(4)What are these?那些是什么?(指物)(5)This is * that George?我是比爾.你是喬治嗎?(電話用語)(指人) 當指示代詞所指的事物已確定時,后面的指示代詞則用it或they代替.如:(6)This (suit) is expensive,isn't it?這套衣服昂貴,不是嗎?(7)"Are those yours?" "Yes,they are." “那些是你的嗎?”“是的,它們是我的.” 4)易錯說明 1:指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如:(對)That is my teacher.那是我的老師.( that作主語,指人) (對)He is going to marry this girl.他要和這個姑娘結婚.(this作限定詞)(錯)He is going to marry this.(this作賓語時不能指人)(對)I bought this.我買這個.(this指物,可作賓語)2:That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時,在作先行詞時,只有those可指人,試比較:(對) He admired that which looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西.(對) He admired those who looked beautiful.他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人.(those指人)(錯) He admired that who danced well.(that作賓語時不能指人)(對) He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人.(those指人)(對) He admired those which looked beautiful.他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西.(those指物)3:one,that 和it的區別:one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指.that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個.I can't find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了.我想我該去買一頂.The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個) 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大.I can't find my hat.I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子.我不知道我把它放在哪了.it 做形式賓語1) 列表 數 單數 復數 人稱 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 第一 人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 人稱代詞 I you he/she/it we you they 反身代詞 myself yourself yourself/herself/himself ourselves yourselves themselves 另外:one的反身代詞為oneself2)做賓語 a.有些動詞需有反身代詞,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等.例如:We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我們昨晚玩得很開心.Please help yourself to some fish.請你隨便吃點魚.b.用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞,如take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth等.例如:I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那個時候我不能打扮我自己.注:有些動詞后不跟反身代詞,如:get up,sit-down,stand up,wake up等.例如:Please sit down.請坐.3) 用作表語,如結構be oneself.例如:I am not myself today.我今天不舒服.4) 用作同位語 The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要.5) 在不強調的情況下,but,except,for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可.如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意:a.反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語.(錯) Myself drove the car.(對) I myself drove the car.我自己開車.b.但在and,or,nor連接的并列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語.例如:Charles and myself saw it.查爾斯和我看見了這件事.。
3.英語指示代詞有哪些
指示代詞精講 1 指示代詞圖示 表示“這個”,“那個”,“這些”,“那些”等意思的代詞叫做指示代詞。
圖示如下:單數 this 這個 that 那個 same 同樣的 such 這樣的 it 它 復數 these 這些 those 那些 same 同樣的 such 這樣的 2 指示代詞的用法1) this, that, these, those, such和the same可指人或物。it 通常指物1.作主語 例:This is a chair. 這是一把椅子。
That is Linda's book. 這是琳達的書。Whose pens are those? 那些是誰的鋼筆。
Such is my wish. 這就是我的愿望。It's a butterfly. 它是一只蝴蝶。
2.作賓語 例:Have you read this? 你讀過這個嗎?I like these but she likes those. 我喜歡這些,而她喜歡那些。All the newspaper say the same. 所有報紙都有同樣的報道。
3.作表語 例:Her plan is this. 她的計劃是這樣的。 His worries are those. 他的煩惱就是那些。
4.作定語 例:You can't swim at this time of the year. 你不能在這個時候游泳。I don't like that man. 我不喜歡那個人。
She is fond of those books. 她喜歡那些書。2)指示代詞的用法區別*和these一般指在空間和時間上較近的事物,that和those一般指在空間和時間上較遠的事物。
例:This is a map of China and that is a map of the world. 這是一張中國地圖,那是一張世界地圖。Please come this way. We'll go in by that door. 請這邊走,我們從那扇門進去。
In those year they led a hard life. 在那些歲月里,他們生活得很艱難。2. this和these常指后面將要講到的事物,有啟下的作用,that和those常指前面已經講到過的事物,起承上的作用。
例:I shall say this to you: he is an honest man. 我將對你說這一點:他是一個誠實的人。He felt ill. That is why he didn't come. 他病了,那就是他沒來的原因。
He broke the glass, and that cost him five dollars. 他打破了玻璃,那花費了他5美元。3.在電話中,this表示打電話者,that表示接電話的對方。
例:A: Hello! This is Bob (speaking).喂,我是鮑勃。B: Who's that please? 請問是哪位?(美語用Who's it?或Who's this?)4. that和those可以代替名詞,以避免重復 例:The cars made in this city are more expensive than those made in that city. 這個城市造的汽車比那個城市造的汽車貴。
The history of China is as interesting as that of Russia. 中國的歷史同俄國的歷史一樣有趣。提示 a. 指示代詞所指的事物第二次提到時,通常要用it或they.例:----What is this? 這是什么?----It is a bird. 是鳥。
----Is that your cap? 那是你的帽子嗎?----No, it isn't. 不是。 b. this, that, those和 these加名詞構成一些常用短語,作時間狀語,指現在或過去。
例:this morning 今天早晨 this spring 今年春天 that morning 那天早晨 that spring 那年春天 these days 這些天 to this day 至今 in these days 這些日子里 this evening 今天晚上 this winter 今年冬天 that evening (/night) 那天晚上 that winter 那年冬天 these years 這些年 this time 這一次(這個時候) in those years 那些年月里。
4.能不能給我講一講專用名詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、形容詞定語、表語
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞.非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle). 1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有: (1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. (2)都可以被狀語修飾: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. (3)都有主動與被動, “體”式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化.例如: He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態) He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式) We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時) Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式) (4)都可以有邏輯主語 They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語) The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語) We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語) We being League member, the work was well done. (現在分詞的邏輯主語) 2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有: (1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語. (2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語. (3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語. (二)非謂語動詞的句法功能: 二、非謂語動詞用法: (一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征. 1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例) 否定式:not + (to) do (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之后, 例如: I'm glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. (2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如: The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如: I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend. 2.不定式的句法功能: (1)作主語: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式: It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. (2)作表語: Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. (3)作賓語: 常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)后置,放在賓語補足語后面,例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如: I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English. (4)作賓語補足語: 在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. 有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. (5)作定語: 動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后.與所修飾名詞有如下關系: ①動賓關系: I have a meeting to attend. 注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如: He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞: He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式: Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? ②說明所修飾名詞的內容: We have made a plan to finish the work. ③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語: He is the first to get here. (6)作狀語: ①表目的: He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致: wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. right:To save money, he has tried every means. wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. ②表結果:。