w 自己找到了~..【文趣欣賞】
Of Studies,是培根400年前撰寫的一篇探討讀書問題的散文雜記,亦是英語文學中婦孺皆知的勸學名篇。
該文筆力遒勁蒼幽,思想精深悠遠,行文簡潔明快,論述深入淺出,分析桴鼓相應,讀來時若春雨潤物,時若激流漂石,時若清風拂面,時若萬籟俱號,令人似置身莊子《齊物論》所謂之“野馬也,塵埃也,生物之以息相吹也”之境界中。
Of Studies從讀書之功用立論,分析了讀書學習對人生不同凡響的意義。
同時人們對讀書學習態度之取向、方法之別異,也直接影響到了學習效果的涇渭兩色。
培根以為讀書的功用有三,即Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability。
其在人生中的具體體現亦有三,即 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
在作者看來,人們的經驗與學識,亦直接影響其讀書之取向與效用。
具體說來,就是expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. 由于方法之不同,學習之效果也將各異。
所以培根說,To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. 這個說法頗似孟子“僅信書則不如無書”之教誨。
讀書不能全憑經驗判理,而學識亦不可脫離實際獨存。
經驗與學識,當是相輔相成的、彼此互補的。
在培根看來,這兩方面的積累是人生所不可或缺的知識積淀。
所以,They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
而對讀書態度之不同,亦決定讀書者獲益之眾寡。
常見的現象是,Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. 讀書不求學問長進,而是存心吹毛求疵詰難作者,以顯其能。
這是另外一種庸人讀書心態。
懷著此種心態讀書,焉能從中獲益!所以培根告誡學人,Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
在前蘇聯電影《列寧在1918》中,有這樣一個情節:列寧為了躲避密探的追捕,隱蔽朋友瓦西里家里。
晚上,列寧將瓦西里給他搬來的書分作兩類,并告訴瓦西里哪些書可以枕頭,哪些書應當墊腳。
所謂枕頭的書,就是需要認真拜讀、仔細品味、努力思考的佳作。
所謂墊腳的書,就是那些文風浮淺、思想輕淺、論述表淺的平庸之作。
培根對書的認識與列寧的看法,可謂所見不差。
所以他說,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention.
讀書的方法,自然涵蓋對所讀之書的選擇和所讀內容的鑒賞這兩個方面。
然而,在一定意義上,讀書的方法還包括所謂之“不讀之讀”。
“不讀之讀”,即由于種種原因,讀者不直接閱讀有關書本的內容,而是通過閱讀有關評介文章或他人的讀書筆記來了解有關著作的基本思想和內容。
這種讀書方式,其實就是現代人士所慣常憑借之學習方法。
人們采用這種學習方法,出于種種原因。
一則原著闕如,無法直接欣賞,于是便通過閱讀他人的筆記或評介以足心愿。
二則時間有限,無法一一拜讀,只好尋求便捷途徑了解其大致內容要旨。
自然,采用這種讀書方法的,恐怕也有投機之嫌。
然而,對于孜孜以求于學問的莘莘學子而言,此法之運用,必得統籌兼顧,否則必然陷入人云亦云的泥沼之中。
對此,培根的忠告是:Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
高爾基說,書籍是人類進步的階梯。
對人類來說,書籍是進步的階梯。
對于個人來說,書籍,自然,也是進步的階梯。
書籍可以提高個人的文化素養、擴展個人的思想境界和發展個人的智慧潛能。
所以,培根說Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.讀書者要達到這樣一個收獲頗豐的境界,其前提要律至關重要,那就是所讀之書須是好書佳作。
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